narrative.Rmd
# packages used in this toolchain walkthrough
library(sysrevdata)
library(tidyverse)
library(kableExtra)
library(janitor)
# this avoids tidyverse conflicts with the base function filter
conflicted::conflict_prefer("filter", "dplyr")The objective of a is to summarise each study included in a systematic review or systematic map, often using a table:
Rows | One study per row.
Columns | Extracted meta-data and descriptive information about each study.
For some syntheses, particularly , the number of variables considered can be substantial, and this poses a challenge for fitting the table into a succinct readable format.
Here we consider ways we can condense and format data for presentation for humans to read, as opposed to machine-readable data for analysis and complex visualisation.
We may begin with sparsely-filled wide data or long-format machine-structured data, neither of which are good for inclusion in the text of a research manuscript or interpretation by human readers. So, we will consider how to condense these structures in turn, before demonstrating how to format the output.
We’ll use bufferstrips (from this published systematic map), which can be loaded from sysrevdata, to investigate this. These data are in a
format, useful for creating systematic maps. We’ll restrict ourselves to the first 5 rows of studies with head(5) as we work through these examples, so this document doesn’t run too long.
buffer_example <-
bufferstrips %>%
head(5)To see how these data are sparse and wide, we will extract the abbreviated title, year, and the columns that contain observations relating to spatial scale.
buffer_example %>%
select(short_title, contains("spatial"))
#> # A tibble: 5 x 7
#> short_title spatialscale_pl~ spatialscale_fi~ spatialscale_fa~
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 Aaron (200~ <NA> <NA> <NA>
#> 2 Aavik (200~ <NA> <NA> <NA>
#> 3 Aavik (201~ <NA> <NA> <NA>
#> 4 Abu-Zreig ~ Plot scale <NA> <NA>
#> 5 Abu-Zreig ~ Plot scale <NA> <NA>
#> # ... with 3 more variables: spatialscale_catchment <chr>,
#> # spatialscale_regional <chr>, spatialscale_notdescribed <chr>When we format these data (which we’ll provide toolchains for at the end), the wideness becomes an issue. And this is with only the spatial variables (columns) selected. The table is unwieldy, large, and filled with white space that together make it very difficult for a reader to comprehend.
| short_title | spatialscale_plot | spatialscale_field | spatialscale_farm | spatialscale_catchment | spatialscale_regional | spatialscale_notdescribed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aaron (2005) | Catchment scale | Regional scale | ||||
| Aavik (2008) | Regional scale | |||||
| Aavik (2010) | Regional scale | |||||
| Abu-Zreig (2004) | Plot scale | |||||
| Abu-Zreig (2003) | Plot scale |
To solve the wideness issue, we’ll the variables, specifying the character that should be used to separate the values where multiple values exist in one cell. Here’s a way of doing this for the spatial variable.
buffer_example %>%
# choose the desired columns
select(short_title, contains("spatialscale")) %>%
# condense variable
unite(# name condensed column
col = "spatialscale",
# columns to condense
contains("spatialscale"),
# set separator
sep = "; ",
# remove NAs
na.rm = TRUE)
#> # A tibble: 5 x 2
#> short_title spatialscale
#> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 Aaron (2005) Catchment scale; Regional scale
#> 2 Aavik (2008) Regional scale
#> 3 Aavik (2010) Regional scale
#> 4 Abu-Zreig (2004) Plot scale
#> 5 Abu-Zreig (2003) Plot scaleYou can see that spatial scale is now a single column, with some cells containing multiple values, separated with a semi-colon and a space for readability.
But, of course, we wish to do this for all of the variables. The table contains columns that don’t need condensing, such as title, year, and so forth.
buffer_example %>%
names() %>% cat()
#> item_id short_title title year period google_scholar_link vegetated_strip_description nation study_country study_location latitute longitude studydesign_observational studydesign_manipulative Study length (years) Time since intervention (years) spatialscale_plot spatialscale_field spatialscale_farm spatialscale_catchment spatialscale_regional spatialscale_notdescribed measurementquarter_Q1 measurementquarter_Q2 measurementquarter_Q3 measurementquarter_Q4 measurementquarter_notdescribed farmingsystem_conventional farmingsystem_organic farmingsystem_notdescribed farmingproductionsystem_livestock farmingproductionsystem_livestockinfo farmingproductionsystem_croppedfields farmingproductionsystem_croppedfieldsinfo farmingproductionsystem_horticulture farmingproductionsystem_horticultureinfo farmingproductionsystem_viticulture farmingproductionsystem_viticultureinfo farmingproductionsystem_fruit farmingproductionsystem_fruitinfo farmingproductionsystem_grassland farmingproductionsystem_grasslandinfo farmingproductionsystem_other farmingproductionsystem_otherinfo farmingproductionsystem_notdescribed farmingproductionsystem_notdescribedinfo vegetationtype_grasses vegetationtype_grassesinfo vegetationtype_wildflowers vegetationtype_wildflowersinfo vegetationtype_shrubs vegetationtype_shrubsinfo vegetationtype_hedgerow vegetationtype_hedgerowinfo vegetationtype_trees vegetationtype_treesinfo vegetationtype_other vegetationtype_otherinfo vegetationtype_notdescribed vegetationtype_notdescribedinfo striplocation_withinfield striplocation_fieldedge striplocation_riparian striplocation_notdescribed stripmanagement_unmanaged stripmanagement_unmanagedinfo stripmanagement_soilamendment stripmanagement_soilamendmentinfo stripmanagement_soildisturbed stripmanagement_soildisturbedinfo stripmanagement_cut stripmanagement_cutinfo stripmanagement_grazed stripmanagement_grazedinfo stripmanagement_harvested stripmanagement_harvestedinfo stripmanagement_sownplanted stripmanagement_sownplantedinfo stripmanagement_pesticide stripmanagement_pesticideinfo stripmanagement_managedother stripmanagement_managedotherinfo stripmanagement_notdescribed stripmanagement_notdescribedinfo intervention_presence intervention_presenceinfo intervention_location intervention_locationinfo intervention_dimension intervention_dimensioninfo intervention_structure itervention_structureinfo intervention_management intervention_managementinfo intervention_vegetationtype intervention_vegetationtypeinfo intervention_management_1 intervention_managementinfo_1 intervention_other intervention_otherinfo intervention_transect intervention_transectinfo intervention_notdescribed intervention_notdescribedinfo outcome_biodiversityaquatic outcome_biodiversityaquaticinfo outcome_biodiversitysemiaquatic outcome_biodiversitysemiaquaticinfo outcome_biodiversityterrestrial outcome_biodiversityterrestrialinfo outcome_pollination outcome_pollinationinfo outcome_gamespecies outcome_gamespeciesinfo outcome_pestcontrol outcome_pestcontrolinfo outcome_nutrientsn outcome_nutrientsninfo outcome_nutrientsp outcome_nutrientsninfo_1 outcome_soillossretention outcome_soillossretentioninfo outcome_soilsedimentchem outcome_soilsedimentcheminfo outcome_waterchem outcome_watercheminfo outcome_soilsedimentphys outcome_soilsedimentphysinfo outcome_waterlossretention outcome_waterlossretentioninfo outcome_economic outcome_economicinfo outcome_ghgs outcome_ghgsinfo outcome_pesticides outcome_pesticidesinfo outcome_toxins outcome_toxinsinfo outcome_wind outcome_windinfo outcome_gmpollen outcome_gmpolleninfo outcome_yield outcome_yieldinfo outcome_social outcome_socialinfo outcome_recreation outcome_recreationinfo outcome_other outcome_otherinfo outcome_pathogens outcome_pathogensinfo outcome_noncropyield outcome_noncropyieldinfo outcome_light outcome_lightinfo outcome_habitat outcome_habitatinfo outcome_climate outcome_climateinfo outcome_microbes outcome_microbesinfo outcome_physiology outcome_physiologyinfo es_provisioning_food es_provisioning_freshwater es_provisioning_fibrefuel es_provisioning_biochemicalproducts es_provisioning_geneticmaterials es_regulating_climateregulation es_regulating_hydrologicalregimes es_regulating_pollutioncontrol es_regulating_erosionprotection es_regulating_naturalhazards es_regulating_pestregulation es_regulating_nutrientcycling es_cultural_piritualinspirational es_cultural_recreational es_cultural_aesthetic es_cultural_educational es_supporting_biodiversity es_supporting_pollination es_supporting_soilformationOur first task is to identify the columns that have common prefixes, that is, columns that begin with the same text string (e.g. ‘spatialscale_plot’, ‘spacialscale_field’, and ‘spacialscale_farm’).
(
buffer_variables <-
# extract the prefix of each column
# i.e., the string before the first _
buffer_example %>%
# we can exclude the column names that don't contain _
select(contains("_"), -study_country, -study_location) %>%
# get column names
names() %>%
# extract the word before the first _
str_extract("[a-z]*") %>% {
# convert to a tibble so we can use count
tibble(variables = .)
} %>%
# count how many instances
count(variables) %>%
# filter out the unique variables we won't condense
filter(n > 1) %>%
# convert to a vector
pull(variables)
)
#> [1] "es" "farmingproductionsystem"
#> [3] "farmingsystem" "intervention"
#> [5] "measurementquarter" "outcome"
#> [7] "spatialscale" "striplocation"
#> [9] "stripmanagement" "studydesign"
#> [11] "vegetationtype"Now we adapt the code we used to condense the variables to a .
condense_variable <-
function(variable_to_condense, df) {
buffer_example %>%
# choose the desired columns
select(contains(variable_to_condense)) %>%
# condense variable
unite(# name condensed column
col = !!variable_to_condense,
# columns to condense
contains(variable_to_condense),
# set separator
sep = "; ",
# remove NAs
na.rm = TRUE)
}
condense_variable("spatialscale")
#> # A tibble: 5 x 1
#> spatialscale
#> <chr>
#> 1 Catchment scale; Regional scale
#> 2 Regional scale
#> 3 Regional scale
#> 4 Plot scale
#> 5 Plot scaleNext we apply our function to every variable we wish to condense and combine the results into a new table of condensed variables.
condensed_buffer_example <-
buffer_variables %>%
# apply the function to each variable we wish to condense, producing a list of dataframes
map(condense_variable) %>%
# bind the columns together, with the short title as the first column
bind_cols(
buffer_example %>% select(-contains(buffer_variables)), .
)
# just showing the condensed variables
condensed_buffer_example %>%
select(short_title, contains(buffer_variables))
#> # A tibble: 5 x 12
#> short_title es studydesign farmingproducti~ farmingsystem intervention
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 Aaron (200~ Ripa~ Observatio~ Not described Not described Not stated;~
#> 2 Aavik (200~ Fiel~ Observatio~ Livestock; Crop~ Not described Not stated;~
#> 3 Aavik (201~ Fiel~ Observatio~ Other (please s~ Conventional~ Not stated;~
#> 4 Abu-Zreig ~ Vege~ Manipulati~ Not described Not described Not stated;~
#> 5 Abu-Zreig ~ Vege~ Manipulati~ Not described Not described Not stated;~
#> # ... with 6 more variables: measurementquarter <chr>, outcome <chr>,
#> # spatialscale <chr>, striplocation <chr>, stripmanagement <chr>,
#> # vegetationtype <chr>The output is a condensed datatable suitable for inclusion in a manuscript, with a minimum number of columns, no unnecessary white space, designed specifically to be easily digestible by the reader. In the interests of , review authors should also make the underlying data freely accessible in a widely usable and easily understandable format, not solely in text form.
Suppose we start with long-format data in a format, where each row is an independent observation for a specific study: in the case of systematic maps, this could be each outcome measured using a different method, for example. In the interests of space, we’ll show the title, category, and subcategory: the columns that don’t require condensing remain the same.
For this section, we’ll use the long format of the bufferstrips dataset, using the dataframe created in the vignette on creating long-form datasets.
buffer_example_long %>%
# in the interests of space, we'll just show the relevant columns
select(short_title, category_type, subcategory_type)
#> # A tibble: 97 x 3
#> short_title category_type subcategory_type
#> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 Aaron (2005) vegetated strip_description
#> 2 Aaron (2005) studydesign observational
#> 3 Aaron (2005) farmingsystem notdescribed
#> 4 Aaron (2005) farmingproductionsystem notdescribed
#> 5 Aaron (2005) vegetationtype notdescribed
#> 6 Aaron (2005) stripmanagement notdescribed
#> 7 Aaron (2005) intervention presence
#> 8 Aaron (2005) intervention presenceinfo
#> 9 Aaron (2005) es supporting_biodiversity
#> 10 Aaron (2005) Time since intervention (years) <NA>
#> # ... with 87 more rowsNow we’ll wide so we can condense.
# this function creates a string from the vector of multiple values
mash_subcategories <- function(x) {
paste0(x, collapse = "; ")
}
# go from long to wide
buffer_example_long %>%
pivot_wider(
names_from = category_type,
values_from = subcategory_value,
values_fn = mash_subcategories
) %>%
# we'll just show a few examples because space
select(short_title, vegetated, farmingproductionsystem)
#> # A tibble: 81 x 3
#> short_title vegetated farmingproductionsystem
#> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 Aaron (2005) Riparian buffer <NA>
#> 2 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> 3 Aaron (2005) <NA> Not described
#> 4 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> 5 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> 6 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> 7 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> 8 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> 9 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> 10 Aaron (2005) <NA> <NA>
#> # ... with 71 more rowsNow we have the long data in the same condensed format as the wide data in the section above, and we are ready to consider formatting functions for publication.
We can format the database into a nice, readable format by converting it into an html output designed for human readability.
condensed_buffer_example %>%
# converts dataframe to an html output table
kable() %>%
# useful function for customising table formatting
kable_styling(
bootstrap_options = "striped",
font_size = 9)| item_id | short_title | title | year | period | google_scholar_link | nation | study_country | study_location | latitute | longitude | Study length (years) | itervention_structureinfo | es | farmingproductionsystem | farmingsystem | intervention | measurementquarter | outcome | spatialscale | striplocation | stripmanagement | studydesign | vegetationtype |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20641367 | Aaron (2005) | Invertebrate Biodiversity in Agricultural and Urban Headwater Streams: Implications for Conservation and Management | 2005 | 2005-2009 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Invertebrate+Biodiversity+in+Agricultural+and+Urban+Headwater+Streams:+Implications+for+Conservation&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | USA | Maryland, USA | Cattail Creek, Hawling’s River, Northwest Branch, Paint Branch of Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Maryland | 39.045755 | -76.641271 | 2 | NA | Riparian buffer; Observational; Not described; Not described; Not described; Not described; Strip presence; Percentage riparian cover; Biodiversity | Not described | Not described | Not stated; Strip presence; Percentage riparian cover | Q1; Q2 | Biodiversity (aquatic); Macroinvertebrate species/functional group richness, density, Shannon-Wiener diversity, evenness | Catchment scale; Regional scale | Riparian | Not described | Observational | Not described |
| 20641374 | Aavik (2008) | What is the role of local landscape structure in the vegetation composition of field boundaries? | 2008 | 2005-2009 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=What+is+the+role+of+local+landscape+structure+in+the+vegetation+composition+of+field+boundaries?&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Estonia | Estonia | Vaike-Maarja, Are, Vihtra, Virratsi, Abja-Paluoja and Ilmatsalu | 58.595272 | 25.013607 | Not stated | NA | Field boundary; Observational; Not described; Not described; Livestock; Not described; Not described; Biodiversity (terrestrial); Vascular plant abundance; Biodiversity | Livestock; Cropped fields (arable) | Not described | Not stated; Vegetation type; Grassy boundary, woody ditch verge, ditch verge, woody field boundary, road verge; Transect into field/across vegetative strip | Not described | Biodiversity (terrestrial); Vascular plant abundance | Regional scale | Field edge | Not described | Observational | Not described; Vegetation type; Grassy boundary, woody ditch verge, ditch verge, woody field boundary, road verge |
| 20641375 | Aavik (2010) | Quantifying the effect of organic farming, field boundary type and landscape structure on the vegetation of field boundaries | 2010 | 2010-2014 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Quantifying+the+effect+of+organic+farming,+field+boundary+type+and+landscape+structure+on+the+vegeta&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Estonia | Estonia | Tartu County | 58.405713 | 26.801576 | <1 | NA | Field boundary; Observational; Not described; regional study with limited details on single vegetated strips; Biodiversity (terrestrial); plant species richness and composition; Biodiversity | Other (please specify); Mixed conventional and organic, multiple farms (not described) | Conventional; Organic | Not stated; Strip type (dimension); Strip type (structure) | Q2; Q3 | Biodiversity (terrestrial); plant species richness and composition | Regional scale | Field edge | Not described; regional study with limited details on single vegetated strips | Observational | Hedgerow; Other (please specify); road boundaris; grassland-adjacent boundaries; ditch verges; ditch verges with trees and bushes; woody boundaries, forest edges, tree lines and hedgerows; road verges with trees and shrubs |
| 20641382 | Abu-Zreig (2004) | Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips | 2004 | 2000-2004 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Experimental+investigation+of+runoff+reduction+and+sediment+removal+by+vegetated+filter+strips&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | not stated | not stated | <1 | NA | Vegetated filter strip; Manipulative; Not described; Not described; Not described; Grasses; Perennial rye grass; Not described; Not described; Erosion protection | Not described | Not described | Not stated; Strip type (dimension); Strip width (described as length); Vegetation type | Not described | Soil loss/retention; Sediment trapping efficiency | Plot scale | Not described | Not described | Manipulative | Grasses; Perennial rye grass; Other (please specify); Creeping red fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, native riparian vegetation (wild oat, quack, fescue, dandelions, etc.); Vegetation type |
| 20641384 | Abu-Zreig (2003) | Phosphorus removal in vegetated filter strips | 2003 | 2000-2004 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Phosphorus+removal+in+vegetated+filter+strips&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Canada | Ontario, Canada | Elora, Ontario | 43.683715 | -80.430543 | <1 | NA | Vegetated filter strip; Manipulative; Not described; Not described; Not described; Grasses; Not described; Not described; Hydrological regimes; Pollution control; Nutrient cycling | Not described | Not described | Not stated; Strip type (dimension); Filter width (described as length); Vegetation type; Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), legume and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra), bare filters, native grass species | Not described | Nutrients P; Phosphorus trapping efficiency; Water loss/retention; Water retention | Plot scale | Not described | Not described | Manipulative | Grasses; Other (please specify); Perennial ryegrass, legume and creeping red fescue, native grass species; Vegetation type; Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), legume and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra), bare filters, native grass species |
The formatting still isn’t perfect because the cell values are long, and the URLs that we’ve included to Google Scholar are unwieldy. We can present this with a separate table of metadata, using the short title as the reference. We’ll combine the Google Scholar link with the title.
study_descriptions <-
buffer_example %>%
# combine the google scholar link in a way that will be rendered as a clickable link
mutate(title = str_c("[", title, "](",google_scholar_link,")")) %>%
select(-contains(buffer_variables),
-google_scholar_link)
study_descriptions %>%
kable() %>%
kable_styling("striped",
font_size = 9)| item_id | short_title | title | year | period | nation | study_country | study_location | latitute | longitude | Study length (years) | itervention_structureinfo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20641367 | Aaron (2005) | Invertebrate Biodiversity in Agricultural and Urban Headwater Streams: Implications for Conservation and Management | 2005 | 2005-2009 | USA | Maryland, USA | Cattail Creek, Hawling’s River, Northwest Branch, Paint Branch of Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Maryland | 39.045755 | -76.641271 | 2 | NA |
| 20641374 | Aavik (2008) | What is the role of local landscape structure in the vegetation composition of field boundaries? | 2008 | 2005-2009 | Estonia | Estonia | Vaike-Maarja, Are, Vihtra, Virratsi, Abja-Paluoja and Ilmatsalu | 58.595272 | 25.013607 | Not stated | NA |
| 20641375 | Aavik (2010) | Quantifying the effect of organic farming, field boundary type and landscape structure on the vegetation of field boundaries | 2010 | 2010-2014 | Estonia | Estonia | Tartu County | 58.405713 | 26.801576 | <1 | NA |
| 20641382 | Abu-Zreig (2004) | Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips | 2004 | 2000-2004 | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | not stated | not stated | <1 | NA |
| 20641384 | Abu-Zreig (2003) | Phosphorus removal in vegetated filter strips | 2003 | 2000-2004 | Canada | Ontario, Canada | Elora, Ontario | 43.683715 | -80.430543 | <1 | NA |
And, if we are happy to have a wider table, we can combine both tables together to form one narrative synthesis table with all variables condensed. Although wide, it is not as wide or sparse as where we started, and is much easier to read.
full_join(study_descriptions, condensed_buffer_example,
by = "short_title") %>%
kable() %>%
kable_styling("striped",
font_size = 9)| item_id.x | short_title | title.x | year.x | period.x | nation.x | study_country.x | study_location.x | latitute.x | longitude.x | Study length (years).x | itervention_structureinfo.x | item_id.y | title.y | year.y | period.y | google_scholar_link | nation.y | study_country.y | study_location.y | latitute.y | longitude.y | Study length (years).y | itervention_structureinfo.y | es | farmingproductionsystem | farmingsystem | intervention | measurementquarter | outcome | spatialscale | striplocation | stripmanagement | studydesign | vegetationtype |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20641367 | Aaron (2005) | Invertebrate Biodiversity in Agricultural and Urban Headwater Streams: Implications for Conservation and Management | 2005 | 2005-2009 | USA | Maryland, USA | Cattail Creek, Hawling’s River, Northwest Branch, Paint Branch of Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Maryland | 39.045755 | -76.641271 | 2 | NA | 20641367 | Invertebrate Biodiversity in Agricultural and Urban Headwater Streams: Implications for Conservation and Management | 2005 | 2005-2009 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Invertebrate+Biodiversity+in+Agricultural+and+Urban+Headwater+Streams:+Implications+for+Conservation&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | USA | Maryland, USA | Cattail Creek, Hawling’s River, Northwest Branch, Paint Branch of Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Maryland | 39.045755 | -76.641271 | 2 | NA | Riparian buffer; Observational; Not described; Not described; Not described; Not described; Strip presence; Percentage riparian cover; Biodiversity | Not described | Not described | Not stated; Strip presence; Percentage riparian cover | Q1; Q2 | Biodiversity (aquatic); Macroinvertebrate species/functional group richness, density, Shannon-Wiener diversity, evenness | Catchment scale; Regional scale | Riparian | Not described | Observational | Not described |
| 20641374 | Aavik (2008) | What is the role of local landscape structure in the vegetation composition of field boundaries? | 2008 | 2005-2009 | Estonia | Estonia | Vaike-Maarja, Are, Vihtra, Virratsi, Abja-Paluoja and Ilmatsalu | 58.595272 | 25.013607 | Not stated | NA | 20641374 | What is the role of local landscape structure in the vegetation composition of field boundaries? | 2008 | 2005-2009 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=What+is+the+role+of+local+landscape+structure+in+the+vegetation+composition+of+field+boundaries?&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Estonia | Estonia | Vaike-Maarja, Are, Vihtra, Virratsi, Abja-Paluoja and Ilmatsalu | 58.595272 | 25.013607 | Not stated | NA | Field boundary; Observational; Not described; Not described; Livestock; Not described; Not described; Biodiversity (terrestrial); Vascular plant abundance; Biodiversity | Livestock; Cropped fields (arable) | Not described | Not stated; Vegetation type; Grassy boundary, woody ditch verge, ditch verge, woody field boundary, road verge; Transect into field/across vegetative strip | Not described | Biodiversity (terrestrial); Vascular plant abundance | Regional scale | Field edge | Not described | Observational | Not described; Vegetation type; Grassy boundary, woody ditch verge, ditch verge, woody field boundary, road verge |
| 20641375 | Aavik (2010) | Quantifying the effect of organic farming, field boundary type and landscape structure on the vegetation of field boundaries | 2010 | 2010-2014 | Estonia | Estonia | Tartu County | 58.405713 | 26.801576 | <1 | NA | 20641375 | Quantifying the effect of organic farming, field boundary type and landscape structure on the vegetation of field boundaries | 2010 | 2010-2014 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Quantifying+the+effect+of+organic+farming,+field+boundary+type+and+landscape+structure+on+the+vegeta&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Estonia | Estonia | Tartu County | 58.405713 | 26.801576 | <1 | NA | Field boundary; Observational; Not described; regional study with limited details on single vegetated strips; Biodiversity (terrestrial); plant species richness and composition; Biodiversity | Other (please specify); Mixed conventional and organic, multiple farms (not described) | Conventional; Organic | Not stated; Strip type (dimension); Strip type (structure) | Q2; Q3 | Biodiversity (terrestrial); plant species richness and composition | Regional scale | Field edge | Not described; regional study with limited details on single vegetated strips | Observational | Hedgerow; Other (please specify); road boundaris; grassland-adjacent boundaries; ditch verges; ditch verges with trees and bushes; woody boundaries, forest edges, tree lines and hedgerows; road verges with trees and shrubs |
| 20641382 | Abu-Zreig (2004) | Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips | 2004 | 2000-2004 | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | not stated | not stated | <1 | NA | 20641382 | Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips | 2004 | 2000-2004 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Experimental+investigation+of+runoff+reduction+and+sediment+removal+by+vegetated+filter+strips&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | not stated | not stated | <1 | NA | Vegetated filter strip; Manipulative; Not described; Not described; Not described; Grasses; Perennial rye grass; Not described; Not described; Erosion protection | Not described | Not described | Not stated; Strip type (dimension); Strip width (described as length); Vegetation type | Not described | Soil loss/retention; Sediment trapping efficiency | Plot scale | Not described | Not described | Manipulative | Grasses; Perennial rye grass; Other (please specify); Creeping red fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, native riparian vegetation (wild oat, quack, fescue, dandelions, etc.); Vegetation type |
| 20641384 | Abu-Zreig (2003) | Phosphorus removal in vegetated filter strips | 2003 | 2000-2004 | Canada | Ontario, Canada | Elora, Ontario | 43.683715 | -80.430543 | <1 | NA | 20641384 | Phosphorus removal in vegetated filter strips | 2003 | 2000-2004 | http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=Phosphorus+removal+in+vegetated+filter+strips&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 | Canada | Ontario, Canada | Elora, Ontario | 43.683715 | -80.430543 | <1 | NA | Vegetated filter strip; Manipulative; Not described; Not described; Not described; Grasses; Not described; Not described; Hydrological regimes; Pollution control; Nutrient cycling | Not described | Not described | Not stated; Strip type (dimension); Filter width (described as length); Vegetation type; Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), legume and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra), bare filters, native grass species | Not described | Nutrients P; Phosphorus trapping efficiency; Water loss/retention; Water retention | Plot scale | Not described | Not described | Manipulative | Grasses; Other (please specify); Perennial ryegrass, legume and creeping red fescue, native grass species; Vegetation type; Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), legume and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra), bare filters, native grass species |